Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a pdf file in just a few easy steps. Afpm machines are increasingly used in various applications due to their high efficiency, compact construction and high torque at low speed. In conventional machines a low cogging torque can be. This paper describes an accurate electromagnetic analysis of a surface mounted, 28 pole afpm with concentrated stator winding. Us8664826b2 permanent magnet excited electric motor with. It has been shown that magnet shifting method can effectively eliminate several lower. This paper analyzes various cogging torque minimization techniques as applied to a permanent magnet machine used in an electric power steering system.
Afterward, material, conditions, circuits settings and properties of the motor design are selected out in jmag designer. Cogging torque during the electrical period for the three machines the fig. An optimized cogging torque model for a surface mounted permanent magnet machine was derived. Cogging torque investigation of pm motors resulting from asymmetry. Figure 5 and table 2 show the cogging torque reduction of the 1210pole pmfsm with various design methods. A comparison of the cogging torque of the conventional and proposed models is shown in fig. It called energy method of calculate cogging torque 32. The step skewed method can also be applied to the linear machines, namely, the stator step skewed. Cogging torque and torque ripple test systems sugawara. Cogging torque reduction of interior permanentmagnet. Kindly update the viewer if the file cannot browse. If your pdf reader is displaying an error instead of opening a pdf file, chances are that the file is c. This paper describes various classical and innovative techniques, giving a theoretical justification for each of them.
Peak to peak cogging torque by scale factor arc type scale actfor depth mm cogging mnm average torque. To combine pdf files into a single pdf document is easier than it looks. Wffsm with 24s20p configuration has highest peak to peak cogging torque followed by 24s16p with 64 nm and 38. A novel of cogging torque technique in a permanent magnet generator was developed and proposed in the paper. Cogging torque in a permanent magnet motor, which arises from the interaction of the rotor magnets with the steel teeth on the stator, can be reduced by skewing the stator teeth, but only at the. Therefore, cogging torque can be canceled by forcing the airgap reluctance to be constant with respect to rotor position. Cogging torque is an inherent characteristic of pm generators and is caused by the geometry of the generator. A motor of this invention comprises a rotor having a permanent magnet, the number of which magnet poles is p, and a stator including m pcs of teeth, the teeth arranged in a circumferential direction in a manner to face the permanent magnet through a spatial gap, wherein the stator includes stator core having the number m of the teeth, and a winding wire wound about each of the tooth, wherein. An electric motor 1 has a stator 2 and a radially symmetric, permanent magnet excited rotor 4 coaxial with the stator 2. Why ipg alternator generator is so different than the rest of the motors in the world. Mt6200 series torque detectors for torque ripple and cogging torque. Atv series measures motors with a cogging torque or torque ripple of 100 mn. Cogging torque reduction technique on ecore hybrid flux.
It is one of the most important parameters of permanent magnet motors, which causes torque ripple, vibration and noise. The characteristics analysis and cogging torque optimization. Us9502928b2 motor design for reducing cogging torque and. Aalborg universitet an analytical equation for cogging torque. Recently, many optimal designs for axial flux permanent magnet afpm motors were performed based on finite element fe analysis. Cogging torque reduction for interior permanent magnet. Reduction of cogging torque and emf harmonics in modulated. Making a pdf file of a logo is surprisingly easy and is essential for most web designers. Oct 14, 2020 in this paper, a 4 kw external rotor permanent magnet pm synchronous motor was designed. Design and analysis of wound field threephase flux.
Permanent magnet motors and generators have one common problem in operation it is cogging torque. Influence of rotor structure and number of phases on torque. The analytical results is also with good accordance to the experimental results. The four types are pulsating torque, fluctuating torque, reluctance cogging torque, and inertia and mechanical system torque. Influence of design parameters on cogging torque in. Various methods have been used to suppress the cogging torque from the view of motor design, such as the choice of slot and pole number. The winding configuration can then be integrated with the magnetics of the rotor to give excellent sinusoidal back emf waveforms. In singlephase brushless dc motors with high magnetic load, the typical asymmetric airgap structure will lead to high cogging torque peaks, which will distort the torque envelope together with the high current peaks commonly found. The two steps of slotting could reduce the cogging torque of integral slot number in permanent magnet synchronous machine significantly. The cogging torque waveform varies with the rotor tooth width.
One of the fun things about computers is playing with programs like paint. Methods toreduce cogging torque of permanent magnet. Several techniques may be adopted in designing surfacemounted permanentmagnet motors in order to reduce the cogging torque. Conclusions the cogging torque of a motor, due to attractionrepulsion cycles caused by the interactions of. Utilizing the techniques mentioned, the minimization of the cogging torque and ripple torque of the torus nn type and. Abstractthe influence of various design parameters on the cogging torque developed by permanent magnet machines is inves tigated. Initially, using jmag editor different parts of the motor like stator, rotor segments, armature coil and fe coils are designed. In this paper we present a method of cogging torque reduction by means of a. Most of the models are based on reduction of 3d problem to 2d problem which is not accurate for design aspects. Cogging torque measurement, moment of inertia determination and.
The diversify notching and pole pairing techniques proposed which hypothetically will influence the cogging torque along with the discussion of it. Many analytical cogging torque calculation methods have been proposed, e. The introduction of cogging torque mechanism is to clarify the operating principle of the reduction technique and justify it as effective approaches. By michelle rae uy 24 january 2020 knowing how to combine pdf files isnt reserved. And itmotor is precisely this cogging torque that is undesirable, as are variations in torque.
Impact of selected methods of cogging torque reduction in. It is aimed to obtain minimum cogging torque and minimum torque ripples by optimum pole embrace ratio. As it can be seen in the figure, cogging torque is an independent parameter from output power of the motor and takes fixed values. Housed motor tf includes bearing and other retarding torques. Mar 29, 2016 obviously, the cogging torque results from the combined influence of the interaction of each individual magnet with each individual tooth. For directdrive wind generators, the cogging torque and torque ripple should be less than 1% and 5% of the rated torque, respectively as recommended in 10. This work addresses the problem of mitigating the effects of the cogging torque in permanent magnet synchronous motors, particularly brushless motors, which is a main issue in precision electric drive applications. In this work, a method for mitigating the effects of the cogging torque is proposed, based on the use of a nonlinear automatic control technique known as feedback linearization that. Read on to find out just how to combine multiple pdf files on macos and windows 10.
Reduction of torque ripple in an axial flux generator. By the way of example, if the width of all rotor teeth is. Cogging torque results in torque as well as speed ripple. If your scanner saves files as pdf portbale document format files, the potential exists to merge the individual files into one doc. In practice, cogging torque cannot be easily eliminated, but it can be greatly reduced 1. Contrary to this, a high np means the peaks of elementary torques are distributed along the slot pitch resulting in lower peak cogging torque but with higher fundamental frequency. Study of cogging torque in permanent magnet machines ieee. High torque and speed high cogging torque harder to wind the coils high performance magnets servos, actuators, pumps larger construction higher torque at low rpm low cogging torque easier to wind the coils lower performance magnets fans, hard disk, printers permanent magnet coil windings brushlessdc motor construction. Pmsm design for variable applications done in multiple literature and paper 59. A pdf file is a portable document format file, developed by adobe systems. Enhancing the design of electric machines through the. Torque performance analysis of threephase permanent. Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of cogging torque in.
If the mechanical load on the shaft involves constant load torque, the torque developed by the motor may fall below this load torque. Ono sokk downloads outer dimensions torque related products. When the stator and the rotor teeth faces each other, the reluctance of the magnetic path is minimum. Cogging torque in permanent magnet motors precision microdrives. Export in csv files possible operating principle the drag torque or detent torque is an important parameter in permanent magnet pm motors, especially in a pm servo motor system. Conclusion in this paper, the reduction of the cogging torque for an exteriorrotor ipm synchronous motor has. The pdf format allows you to create documents in countless applications and share them with others for viewing. Cogging torque versus the shoe depth d1 of the stator. As the electromechanical torque is calculated in interest to obtain the cogging torque s value, then the mathematical model is defined without excitation from windings. Optimal design of a permanent magnet synchronous motor for. The motor fixture holds the motor and couples the motor shaft to the tester shaft. Cogging torque minimization cogging torque is due to the interaction between the permanent magnets of the rotor and stator slots of a permanent magnet motor. Cogging torque is the torque needed to overcome the opposing torque created by the magnetic attractive force between magnets on the rotor and the iron teeth of the stator. This kind of machine has very good efficiency, reliability, small weight and no need in servicing.
The period of a cogging torque can be expressed as. The main drawback of the pole segmentation is the average torque decrease due to the reduction of magnet volume with reference to the equivalent full polepitch magnet con. Minimization of cogging torque and torque ripple 18 2. Influence of winding structure and the effect of mmf. Reduction of cogging torque in permanent magnet flux. Cogging torque is an effect common to all slotted permanent magnet machines. The cogging torque t cog can be calculated as follows.
Xix international conference on electrical machines icem. In 5, a pmsm designed for electric vehicles in automotive industry. Pdf cogging torque and torque ripple in a directdrive. Axial flux permanent magnet machines afpmm firstly appeared in technical literatures in the mid of 70s and their fields of application spread widely.
Cogging torque has a negative impact on the operation of permanent magnet machines by increasing torque ripple, speed ripple, acoustic noise and vibration. Once youve done it, youll be able to easily send the logos you create to clients, make them available for download, or attach them to emails in a fo. In this paper, finite element method fem is taken to analyze various design techniques to reduce the cogging torque in a prototype 1210pole pmfsm. Peak to peak cogging torque is least at scale factor 1 sinusoidal type. Pdf this paper discusses the approach to analytical calculation of the cogging torque in permanentmagnet pm brushless motors. This component features maximum speed of 40,000 rmin depending on torque rating. Cogging torque reduction in permanent magnet machines. Reducing cogging torque in brushless motors machine design. In this paper magnet shifting method has been used as a tool to reduce the cogging torque in inset line start permanent magnet synchronous motor lspmsm. Lcm value should be as high as possible since the lcm value equals the number of cogging periods per rotor. A numerical approach for accurate prediction of magnetic. The cogging torque of the proposed model is reduced considerably, as compare to the conventional model. Du, the influence ct fmite element discretization on the prediction of cogging torque in pmnanent magnet excited motors.
Adobe designed the portable document format, or pdf, to be a document platform viewable on virtually any modern operating system. Furthermore, 3d finite element analysis of the machines was investigated. Cogging torque reduction in line start permanent magnet. It is shown that the slot and pole number combination has a significant effect on the cogging torque, and influences the optimal value of both skew angle and. Would you like to get the full thesis from shodh ganga along with citation details. Therefore, to decrease cogging torque and operating torque ripple, notch and barrier on the rotor were installed in this work. It is noted that the backemf may decrease when these methods are applied, therefore, the backemf variation should also be examined. Cogging torque analysis of the pmsm for high performance.
Cogging torque occurs as a result of combined impact of the magnetic field of a permanent magnet located at rotor and stator with variable. It is also verified that the period of the waveform is 6 degrees. Analysis of cogging torque reduction by increasing stator. The largest cogging torque waveform amplitude is the 12 slot in a family of curves for 6, 9, 12, and 15slot lamination motors. Research article comparison of three analytical methods. I paid for a pro membership specifically to enable this feature. Pdf analysis of torque ripple and cogging torque reduction. Cogging torque is an undesirable component for the operation of such a motor. The detent torque of pm motors is composed of cogging torque and friction torque. A new technique to reduce the cogging torque of integral. The cogging torque of the proposed structure could be reduced around 98.
Comparison of the stator step skewed structures for. The most efficient big fan motor with ipt motor serie. Design techniques for reducing the cogging torque in surface. Hysteresis losses in uence on the cogging torque of highe. The cogging torque is generated by attractioninteraction of the magnetic poles to. It is useful to apply precise electrical motor as eps. Indepth learning of coggingdetenting torque through.
To analyse that, we shall make the assumption that the magnetic circuit is linear unsaturated, which is a reasonable assumption at no load, to allow the use of the superposition principle. Maximum cogging torque tcog is a torque disturbance based on the magnets in the field attraction to the teeth in the armature. It is an undesired effect that contributes to the machines output ripple, vibration, and noise. How to shrink a pdf file that is too large techwalla. Cogging torque is an internal pm generator feature that. Nature and measurements of torque ripple of permanentmagnet. In this paper, a new method is proposed for optimization of pmsm. In the study, the cogging torque reduction technique was based on the compounding of two cogging torque reduction techniques, i. Cogging torque reduction technique on ecore hybrid. Cogging torque from 2ndorder solution the secondorder solution gives much smoother results, although the peak cogging torque is roughly the same around 9 mnm. To this aim, a simple original model of the cogging torque mechanism and a fourier analysis are introduced. Pdf cogging torque reduction in brushless dc motors. Cogging torque is a significant problem when the servo drive is used for applications where high precision in terms of position control is required.
Many methods have been reported to reduce cogging torque. Abstract the necessity of indepth learning of cogging detent torque for mainly undergraduates is discussed with particular attention to its method and tools. Mutual torque and reluctance torque are also functions of the stator current characteristics. Torque ripple can be a source of serious vibration and acoustic noise in pm wind generator systems. The goal of this exercise is to familiarize the user with the methods used to calculate the cogging torque. Pdf analytical approach to cogging torque calculation of pm. The effectiveness of the pole shifting technique on the cogging torque reduction of the axial flux generator has been confirmed in previous studies, in which the axial flux generator was employed in micro wind turbine. In this paper, three stator step skewed structures, which are a. The curves indicate that for an eightpole motor with a 9slot. The cogging torque analyses for different rotor pole numbers are shown in figure. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin. Introduction use of permanent magnet machines is growing. There are multiple rotor positions within a revolution where the cogging torque is high.
Modelling and torque analysis of permanent magnet spindle. The resultant cogging torque calculated by maxwell stress tensor method agrees well with fem simulation too. Cogging torque is minimized in the motor design by strategic selection of slot pole combinations and by. Examination of 2 reveals that cogging torque can be represented as a fourier series so it is a summation of. Cogging torque reduction in a permanent magnet wind turbine. Most electronic documents such as software manuals, hardware manuals and ebooks come in the pdf portable document format file format. Torque ripple reduction in single phase brushless dc. This means it can be viewed across multiple devices, regardless of the underlying operating system. Typical values of distortion for these motor designs are approximately 2.
In addition, optional components can be used to improve speed resolution for use with lowspeed motors of 100 rmin or less. Magnet shape optimization to reduce pulsating torque. Various techniques are presented in this paper that helps to reduce the cogging effect, however most of them either alter the machine parameters, give rise to complex manufacturing or decrease the useful torque. Design of an observerbased architecture and non linear. Depending on the type of scanner you have, you might only be able to scan one page of a document at a time.
The cogging torque analysis results shown in figure 5 show that the cogging torque was 4. Cogging torque is produced in a permanent magnet machine by the magnetic attraction between the rotor mounted permanent magnets and the stator. Pdf the paper discusses the approach to analytical calculation of the cogging torque in pm brushless motors. Cogging torque versus the shoe ramp d2 of the stator. It is important to reduce the cogging torque in a pm generator, because cogging torque affects selfstart ability and produces noise and mechanical vibration on wind turbines. Torque ripple reduction of brushless dc motor using genetic. An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. Pdf is a hugely popular format for documents simply because it is independent of the hardware or application used to create that file. Cogging torque versus pole arc offset and output power fig.
Energies free fulltext cogging torque reduction in. The rotor 4 rotates relative to the stator 2 about a common motor axis x. Cogging torque for 3pp9s, 4pp9s, 5pp9s, 6pp9s, 7pp9s and 8pp9s. Permanent magnet fluxswitching machine pmfsm is a relatively new structure. Novel of cogging torque reduction technique for permanent. Where t, wd, l s, d s are the cogging torque, energy in the airgap, angle of rotor, stack length, skew angle eq. Analytical modeling of static eccentricities in axial flux. It is well known that the reliability of torque and force computations using conventional finiteelement methods is problematic l31.
The cogging torque is generated by attractioninteraction of the magnetic poles to the teeth steel structure within an unenergized motor. To get rid of the high torque ripples, the design of the crucial structural factors for the tapered airgap structure are analyzed, and different drive methods. Cogging torque is most commonly estimated from the air gap magnetic flux density distribution calculated from the virtual work principle using the energy stored in the air gap 27. Cogging torque is a product of the magnetic interaction between the poles of the rotors permanent magnets and the steel laminations of the stators teeth. Analyses of solutions for the attenuation of cogging. The experimental tools developed include a cogging torque tester, variableskew rotors for a dc motor and a threephase hybrid stepping motor having a special rotor construction to eliminate certain harmonic components of cogging torque. In other words, when the poles of the rotor line up with the teeth of the stator, a force is required to break the attraction, and this force is referred to as cogging. It is especially prominent at lower speeds, with the symptom of jerkiness. Thus, we have found that the machine with p40 gives the highest torque for the same copper. Pdf file or convert a pdf file to docx, jpg, or other file format. Lieu, history and trends in the development of motorized spindles for. The problem of cogging torque is due to a magnetic behavior, intrinsic to synchronous machines and due to the presence of permanent magnets themselves. More over, cogging torque can lead to complete failure of startup as the wind turbine generate very low torque at low turbine speeds.
Whats the difference between cogging torque and torque ripple. The number of pulsations of the cogging torque is derived from the least common multiple lcm of slots and poles. This series incorporates a highsensitivity torque sensor that shares the same basic design as the atm series. Torque is detected by the force exerted by the brake stator, enabling stable torque measurements from low through high rpm ranges. This paper examines the cogging torque of a perma nent magnet pm motor resulting from the asymmetry property of magnetic poles, which comes from the. Pdf analytical approach to cogging torque calculation in pm. This classical magnet layer design can be seen as the most simple pole segmentation. The paint program can help you make new image files, but it cannot open document or pdf file. Torque ripple of permanentmagnet motors can be classified into four types depending on the nature of their origin. Only the permanent magnets induce the forces, and with interaction to salient teeth of stator they lead to cogging torque. Maxwell stress tensor for cogging torque and radial pressure calculation 15 2.
A cursory look at them, 24s8p has the highest cogging torque of 75nm peak to peak, and high cogging torque is not suitable for motor operation as it causes vibration and unnecessary noise. Analysis of the e ects of hysteresis losses on the cogging torque was performed. Optimization goals are reduce of cogging torque and increase of efficiency. You can use the tools in paint to add something to a different document. Available literatures mainly focused on its general design procedure and performance analysis. It stems from the tendency of the permanent magnets and pole pieces in the rotor to line up with the stator teeth in such a way as to minimise the reluctance of the magnetic circuit when no current is applied. This article explains what pdfs are, how to open one, all the different ways.
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